Meyafarqin Medical Journal

Lung cancer: Etiology, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment

Diego Falchi — Mon, 24 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0300

Lung cancer, characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, is a leading global cause of cancer-related mortality. Its etiology involves a multifaceted interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Smoking is the most significant risk factor, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancer cases, with other contributors being exposure to environmental toxins like radon and asbestos, air pollution, inherited genetic factors, certain lung diseases, and unhealthy lifestyle habits.

According to the World Health Organization, lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 2.1 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths in 2020. Its diagnosis is multi-step, beginning with a detailed medical history and physical examination, followed by imaging studies, sputum cytology, biopsy, molecular testing, and finally, staging. Early detection via screening methods like low-dose computed tomography is crucial for improved outcomes.

The treatment for lung cancer is personalized, considering factors like type and stage of the cancer, overall health, and patient's preferences. It could involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or palliative care. For instance, surgery, often the first-line treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancers, involves removal of either part or all of the affected lung. Other treatment methods target cancer cells, stimulate the immune system, or relieve symptoms.

Due to the complexity of lung cancer, a multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, and pulmonologists often provides the best outcomes. This team collaboratively devises a comprehensive, patient-tailored treatment plan. Despite advances in diagnostics and therapeutics, lung cancer's prevalence remains alarmingly high, emphasizing the need for continued research and effective preventive strategies.

Dementia: A comprehensive review of its causes, symptoms, and treatments

Xi Chen — Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0300

Dementia, encompassing several conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, signifies a notable decline in cognitive abilities, profoundly interfering with daily activities and independence. As the world's population continues to age, the prevalence of dementia is predicted to escalate, thereby escalating as a global public health concern. This comprehensive article delves into the intricate facets of dementia, including its causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis methods, and treatment strategies.

Dementia manifests as a loss of cognitive functioning and behavioral abilities, disrupting an individual's routine life. However, it is pertinent to mention that memory loss, albeit a common occurrence in dementia, does not necessarily indicate the presence of this disorder.

The root cause of dementia is damage to brain cells, hindering their ability to communicate effectively. This damage can be triggered by various diseases and conditions. Symptoms of dementia differ significantly across individuals, contingent upon the affected brain regions and the causative disease. Memory loss, difficulty in communication, mood changes, and trouble with complex tasks constitute the common symptoms of dementia.

Diagnosing dementia necessitates a multi-faceted approach, including a review of the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and assessment of changes in thinking, functional abilities, and behavior. Brain scans are also frequently utilized in the diagnosis.

Currently, there exists no cure for dementia. However, several management strategies can ameliorate symptoms and enhance the quality of life. Various medications, primarily for Alzheimer's disease, temporarily improve symptoms or occasionally slow down the disease's progression. However, the efficacy of these medications varies among individuals, and their side effects necessitate careful management under professional healthcare guidance.

Dementia poses a substantial global health challenge, exerting enormous pressure on individuals, caregivers, and healthcare systems. While the pursuit of a cure continues, existing strategies primarily aim at symptom management, improvement of life quality, and possible slowing of progression. Enhancing understanding and awareness of dementia is crucial for early detection, appropriate treatment, and societal support for those affected.

Sepsis in children: A narrative review

John Zvigert, Tony Vladimir — Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0300

Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection, is a significant global child health concern with rising incidences and high mortality rates. The study describes how the main protective measure against sepsis is immunization, demonstrating its effectiveness against many pediatric infections. The disease's rapid progression necessitates swift recognition and initiation of treatment, primarily using antibiotics. However, the etiology of sepsis in children varies and is influenced by age, comorbidity, and geographical location, with an increasing prevalence of multi-drug-resistant organisms complicating antimicrobial selection. Risk factors like immunosuppressive treatments, malnutrition, alcoholism, and diseases compromising immune status increase susceptibility to sepsis. Moreover, the likelihood is further exacerbated by invasive procedures, hospital stay length, and underlying chronic diseases. Sepsis pathophysiology encompasses significant cardiovascular disturbances, from a localized infection to mild systemic infection, to septic shock. Elevated lactate in patients, traditionally believed to reflect tissue hypoxia, also appears to be driven by aerobic glycolysis triggered by increased adrenergic tone. Profound endothelial changes during sepsis, including leukocyte adhesion increase, shift to a procoagulant state, vasodilation, and barrier function loss, lead to widespread tissue edema. The article concludes by underscoring the urgency of thorough research to improve understanding and develop more effective interventions against sepsis.