Lung cancer: Etiology, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

Lung cancer, characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, is a leading global cause of cancer-related mortality. Its etiology involves a multifaceted interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Smoking is the most significant risk factor, accounting for about 85% of all lung cancer cases, with other contributors being exposure to environmental toxins like radon and asbestos, air pollution, inherited genetic factors, certain lung diseases, and unhealthy lifestyle habits.

According to the World Health Organization, lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 2.1 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths in 2020. Its diagnosis is multi-step, beginning with a detailed medical history and physical examination, followed by imaging studies, sputum cytology, biopsy, molecular testing, and finally, staging. Early detection via screening methods like low-dose computed tomography is crucial for improved outcomes.

The treatment for lung cancer is personalized, considering factors like type and stage of the cancer, overall health, and patient's preferences. It could involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or palliative care. For instance, surgery, often the first-line treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancers, involves removal of either part or all of the affected lung. Other treatment methods target cancer cells, stimulate the immune system, or relieve symptoms.

Due to the complexity of lung cancer, a multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, and pulmonologists often provides the best outcomes. This team collaboratively devises a comprehensive, patient-tailored treatment plan. Despite advances in diagnostics and therapeutics, lung cancer's prevalence remains alarmingly high, emphasizing the need for continued research and effective preventive strategies.