Gastroenteritis: A mini-review

Abstract

Gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, manifests primarily through symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping. Despite its commonality and typically self-limiting nature, it poses considerable health risks globally, particularly to children and immunocompromised individuals. Its etiology is broad, with infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites being the principal culprits. Noroviruses and rotaviruses are notable viral causes, often instigating outbreaks in enclosed environments and causing severe disease in children, respectively. Bacterial agents include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter, generally causing gastroenteritis through food or water contamination. Although less common, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also induce the condition.

The global distribution of gastroenteritis results in its impact on millions each year. Diarrheal diseases, largely attributed to gastroenteritis, are the second leading cause of death in children under five. The incidence and prevalence of gastroenteritis fluctuate based on geographic location and factors like sanitation, hygiene practices, and access to clean water.

Diagnosis primarily hinges on clinical presentation, supplemented by laboratory tests, such as stool culture and microscopy, for severe or protracted cases. Molecular techniques like PCR also play a crucial role in detecting specific viral pathogens.

Management of gastroenteritis is chiefly supportive, emphasizing rehydration and electrolyte balance restoration due to the high risk of dehydration from fluid loss. The use of antibiotics and antimotility agents is circumscribed to severe bacterial infections and symptomatic relief, respectively, while vaccination serves as an essential preventive measure against rotavirus in children. Despite its typical self-limiting progression, gastroenteritis continues to be a global health concern, underscoring the need for persistent improvements in hygiene practices, sanitation, safe food and water access, and vaccination programs. Continued research and understanding of this complex disease are imperative to refine its management and reduce its global impact.